What Is the Standard Normal Distribution in Statistics

Bell curves show up throughout statistics. Diverse measurements such as diameters of seeds, lengths of fish fins, scores on the SAT, and weights of individual sheets of a ream of paper all ​form bell curves when they are graphed. The general shape of all of these curves is the same. But all of these curves are different because it is highly unlikely that any of them share the same mean or standard deviation. Bell curves with large standard deviations are wide, and bell curves with small standard deviations are skinny. Bell curves with larger means are shifted more to the right than those with smaller means.​ An Example To make this a little more concrete, let’s pretend that we measure the diameters of 500 kernels of corn. Then we record, analyze, and graph that data. It is found that the data set is shaped like a bell curve and has a mean of 1.2 cm with a standard deviation of .4 cm. Now suppose that we do the same thing with 500 beans, and we find that they have a mean diameter of .8 cm with a standard deviation of .04 cm. The bell curves from both of these data sets are plotted above. The red curve corresponds to the corn data and the green curve corresponds to the bean data. As we can see, the centers and spreads of these two curves are different. These are clearly two different bell curves. They are different because their means and standard deviations don’t match. Since any interesting data sets we come across can have any positive number as a standard deviation, and any number for a mean, we’re really just scratching the surface of an infinite number of bell curves. That’s a lot of curves and far too many to deal with. What’s the solution? A Very Special Bell Curve One goal of mathematics is to generalize things whenever possible. Sometimes several individual problems are special cases of a single problem. This situation involving bell curves is a great illustration of that. Rather than deal with an infinite number of bell curves, we can relate all of them to a single curve. This special bell curve is called the standard bell curve or standard normal distribution. The standard bell curve has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. Any other bell curve can be compared to this standard by means of a straightforward calculation. Features of the Standard Normal Distribution All of the properties of any bell curve hold for the standard normal distribution. The standard normal distribution not only has a mean of zero but also a median and mode of zero. This is the center of the curve.The standard normal distribution shows mirror symmetry at zero. Half of the curve is to the left of zero and half of the curve is to the right. If the curve were folded along a vertical line at zero, both halves would match up perfectly.The standard normal distribution follows the 68-95-99.7 rule, which gives us an easy way to estimate the following:Approximately 68% of all of the data is between -1 and 1.Approximately 95% of all of the data is between -2 and 2.Approximately 99.7% of all of the data is between -3 and 3. Why We Care At this point, we may be asking, â€Å"Why bother with a standard bell curve?â€Å" It may seem like a needless complication, but the standard bell curve will be beneficial as we continue on in statistics. We will find that one type of problem in statistics requires us to find areas underneath portions of any bell curve that we encounter. The bell curve is not a nice shape for areas. It’s not like a rectangle or right triangle that have easy area formulas. Finding areas of parts of a bell curve can be tricky, so hard, in fact, that we would need to use some calculus. If we don’t standardize our bell curves, we would need to do some calculus every time we want to find an area. If we standardize our curves, all the work of calculating areas has been done for us.

The Theory Of Deconstruction And Its Impact On Postmodern...

Through The Wexner Center to Analysis Deconstructionism 1. Deconstructionism Deconstructionism developed in late 1980s by postmodern architecture. The core theory is deconstruction that eliminates construction then forms it together in different way. The first time of deconstruction speak of was Jacques Derrida in 1920s, after that a lot of architect influenced by him, like Peter Eisenman who designed The Wexner Center in OSU. Deconstruction is the critical of stands on modernist orthodoxy principles. It uses modernism vocabulary, but reversed and reform construction of the relationship between the various and vocabularies. It also negated the traditional basic design principles (aesthetics, mechanics, function) in the logical, then process a new meaning of the style of architecture. With the idea of decomposition, emphasizing the broken and overlay, restructuring, and attaches great importance to the individual and the widget itself, against the unity and create a fragmented and uncertainty feeling for the building. In the essence, the deconstruction is not as popular as the Russia s structuralism in 1920’s, the Dutch style in 1918-1928, or the German Bauhaus design academic style in 1919-1933. Those styles become the source of a movement with no more modernism, internationalism design that decade of power control design on the trend. However, for deconstruction, it is still a kind of person, small-part experiment. It has more expressive and special personalShow MoreRelatedWhat ´s Deconstruvist Architecture? Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pages- through their practice of deconstructivist architecture - have heavily influenced the overall approach to today’s architecture. But what exactly is deconstructivist architecture? 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It has been used in the fields of art (Christo-Bakargiev 1987), architecture (Pevsner 1967), literature (Hassan 1971), video, economics, films (James 1991), ideology (Larrain 1994: 90-118), theologyRead MoreA Study on the Deconstructionist Representation in Graphic Design3057 Words   |  13 PagesDeconstructionist design wasn t well received by modernism, an advocate of practicality and effectiveness; however, as the beginning of subsequent postmodernism, it started to earn a warm welcome from a number of designers. Postmodernism made it possible for deconstruction to be a new paradigm appreciating neutral respect for varied expressions and designers idiosyncrasy. Corresponding to this new trend, Edward Fella published his artwork Letters on America, which introduced a variety of vernacular design worksRead MoreQantas Understanding Organisations Essay2806 Words   |  12 Pagesthe aspects discussed within the modernist analysis providing an evocative angle of perception. A postmodern critique is developed looking at the organisation through the modern day paradigm. Thus through these alternative analysis’s we shall conclude to make recommendations that shall improve Qantas as an organisation. Modernist Analysis Within organisational theory, the modernist perception believes that organisations are real entities operating in a real worldRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. 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After providing theoretical background on the general characteristics of ‘postmodern’ lifestyles, the article describes the notion of microcultures within the fi eld of children’s and youth geography research. The article then proceeds to discuss the methodology and results of interviews with and participant observation of teenagers

Unbranded to Branded Free Essays

Eyewear market in India remains buoyant despite recession Despite the economic crisis, the eyewear market in India as a whole displayed healthy growth in volume sales in 2009, while growth in its value sales slowed marginally relative to 2008. The demand for premium lenses, frames and sunglasses slowed more than that of the low-price and economy segments, so there was an overall slow-down of growth in value sales at the end of review period. Spectacles still preferred over contact lenses While marketers of contact lenses made an aggressive push into the Indian consumer market, especially the young adult segment, the mass market continued to favour spectacles over contact lenses. We will write a custom essay sample on Unbranded to Branded or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two factors that have kept the level and growth rate of sales of contact lenses below those of spectacles are concerns about their use and their price. The prescription market remains biased in favour of spectacles and opticians rarely prescribe contact lenses unless the patient specifically requests them. Direct imports keep market completely fragmented Retail shelves across the country are full of imported spectacle frames and sunglasses. These low-priced imports played an important role in sustaining demand, especially for sunglasses, whose sales enjoyed the highest growth of any subsector in 2009, as they had in 2008. These imports have also kept the spectacles market entirely fragmented, with only eight companies holding even a 1% share of retail sales in Indian eyewear market. Chained specialists enjoy significant growth The review period saw the growth of several chained specialist retailers, such as Titan Eye+, GKB Opticals and Vision Care. Titan Eye+ has been a game changer in that it has modernised the retail sector and forced others to follow suit. In order to remain competitive, opticians feel compelled to increase their ranges of frames, offer eye-testing services and carry contact lenses as well. Reliance’s Vision Express is another large player that is likely to influence marketing and distribution in the years to come. Chained specialists are also able to negotiate better deals with suppliers, undertake promotions, offer better prices to customers, and provide greater visibility for new products and launches. Demand for spectacles expected to continue driving retail sales of eyewear The prescription market is expected to continue to drive demand in the forecast period, as literacy rates increase, more children become prospective wearers of spectacles, and economic growth sustains the increase in purchasing power. How to cite Unbranded to Branded, Essay examples

Accreditation and Certification Standards

Question: Discuss about the Accreditation and Certification Standards. Answer: Introduction: Accreditation and Certification of the information system related to any organization is very important in order to ensure the security measures of the organizational security systems (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). In case of the Australian Government, there are some processes or a step that needs to be followed by the any organization those are interested in expanding their business within Australia (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). In contrast with this aspect, Payment Card Company concerned in the concerned case study should follow some accreditation and certification standards for their approving their information system secured enough. These standards are given as follows: Certification Standards for the information system of Payment Card Company A certification process of some information security system is nothing but the implementation and assessment of its effectiveness in the real world or within the organizational context (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). Control: 1141; Revision: 1; Updated: Apr-15; Applicability: UD, P, C, S, TS; Compliance: must; Authority: AA: This is the control certification framework for certifying the information system of the concerned Payment Card Company according to the case study. According to this framework in Australia, the organization needs to undergo some of the security assessment programs that ensure the secured perspectives of their informant system (Aacqa.gov.au 2016). In addition to this, this process is known as the Audit and this is one [art of the certification process. Accreditation and Certification within Singapore and Suva In case of Australian government, the organization needs to follow all of the above mentioned standards and frameworks in order to expand their business process within Australia (ISO 2016). The concerned organization has two call centers at Singapore and Suva but not all of these are considered under the Australian Government standards and frameworks for accreditation and certification of their information system. In consideration with this fact the organization needs to follow or incorporate the International Standard for information security management (ISO 27001) (ISO 2016). These standards are followed by every organizations those are willing to expand their business around the globe. These standards for information security are called as the ISO information security management standards. Certification and Accreditation to ISO 27001: In accordance with the for accreditation and certification of the informant system of the Payment Card Company, it is very important for the organization to know the standards, rules and regulations followed by ISO (ISO 2016). These standards are same as the other information-security management frameworks and standards. Certification and to ISO 27001 is possible but it is not obligatory. These standards are mainly chosen for experiencing best practices within the organization. in contrast with this as ISO 27001 is an international standard every customers get an assurance of getting a secured results from their choices of products. All of the above mentioned aspects or rules are helpful in analyzing the potential of the ISO standards in consideration with Payment Card Company. Organization in Australia providing Accreditation and Certification to Information system of Payment Card Company About the Accreditation and Certification of Information system from Australia, the agency that will be providing this is JAS-ANZ (Jas-anz.org 2016). This organization or government agency has the responsibility for taking care of the accreditation and certification of the information systems of any considered organization (Jas-anz.org 2016). As the concerned organization Payment Card Company is willing to expand their business process within Australia, they need to be certified by this organization. JAS-ANZ provides the accreditation and certification to the Payment Card Company for the ISO standards that will be helping them to establish their new business within the country as well as the products and services are certified by this agency, which is similar to the ISO certification and accreditation standards and regulations (ISO 2016). These accreditation and certification standards will be providing the following benefits: Highlights the competency and credibility Confirms the impartial and independent nature of the organization Provides the international recognition as well as international certification and accreditation to the organization (Jas-anz.org 2016) Ensures the achievement of benchmark for ongoing performance against the relevant international standards Provide the client a high level of satisfaction and assurance of product quality Increase the overall competency as well as competitive advantages of the organization The Payment Card Company can gain all of the above achievements after they are accredited and certified from the JAS-ANZ (Jas-anz.org 2016). The accreditation and certification throughout the market is very target market is very important as the organization needs to earn reputation within the target market then only the customers will get attracted and the organization improve their competitive advantages within their selected target market (Jas-anz.org 2016). In contrast with the above mentioned aspects, there are certain aspects that may be incorporated within the system architecture of the organization with the help of these certification and accreditation standards: business innovation, product certification, improvement of environment etc. References Aacqa.gov.au. (2016).About accreditation Australian Aged Care Quality Agency. [online] Available at: https://www.aacqa.gov.au/for-the-public/for-providers [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. asd.gov.au/publications/Information_Security_Manual, (2016). . Excellence, B.P., 2013. The Joint Commission announces 2014 national patient safety goal.Joint Commission Perspectives. Fouilleux, E. and Loconto, A., 2016. Voluntary standards, certification, and accreditation in the global organic agriculture field: a tripartite model of techno-politics.Agriculture and Human Values, pp.1-14. Fridsma, D.B., 2015. Update on informatics-focused certification and accreditation activities.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,22(2), pp.489-490. ISO. (2016).ISO/IEC 27001 - Information security management. [online] Available at: https://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso27001.htm [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Jas-anz.org. (2016).Accreditation | JAS ANZ. [online] Available at: https://www.jas-anz.org/accreditation [Accessed 24 Nov. 2016]. Tran, N., Bailey, C., Wilson, N. and Phillips, M., 2013. Governance of global value chains in response to food safety and certification standards: The case of shrimp from Vietnam.World development,45, pp.325-336. Uchida, I., Tomiyasu, M., Iwasaki, K., Kobayashi, T., Mukai, H., Imamura, K. and Iwamoto, K., 2016. Accreditation Standards for Medical Science Liaison (MSL) Certification Programmes in Japan: A Viewpoint from the Japanese Association of Pharmaceutical Medicine (JAPhMED).Pharmaceutical Medicine,30(1), pp.23-35.